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1992-03-06
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Disk Tips:
Using ATA/IDE Drives
with
Novell NetWare
Stan Simmons [75600,3240]
Mar. 06, 1992
ATA/IDE Background
The IDE (Intelligent Drive Electronics) interface originated when Compaq
Computers talked Western Digital and Imprimis into developing a drive that
had an ST-506 controller integrated into it. The drive was then connected
to a simple interface circuit in the system.
The ATA/IDE interface is really just an extension of the AT I/O bus. The
hard drive controller circuitry is actually on the drive electronics board.
By integrating the controller circuitry onto the drive's electronics,
Western Digital eliminated an entire circuit board and some of the
interface electronics. This added very little to the cost of the drive, and
substantially decreased the cost of interfacing the drive to the system.
The ATA/IDE adapter is very simple from a circuit viewpoint: a few buffers,
address decoding, and a single 40-pin cable connecting the drive
electronics to the system unit.
After seeing the benefits of the IDE interface, other manufacturers began
creating IDE drives and "paddle" boards. Paddle boards allow installation of
IDE drives into systems that do not have an IDE connector on the system
board. The first IDE drives were 5.25-inch Imprimis Wren drives. Later most
ATA/IDE drive manufacturers switched to the 3.5-inch form factor. Many of
the new 2.5-inch drives also have an ATA/IDE interface.
In the early days of IDE development there was no official standard, and
several manufacturers came up with implementations that were not
compatible. This led a group of manufacturers to band together to create a
common access method committee and to develop standards for this and
other interfaces. The CAM Committee created the AT Attachment (ATA)
interface in March 1989. The revised ATA proposal was submitted to the
X3T9.2 ANSI group in November 1990 and is scheduled for processing
sometime this year.
ATA/IDE Interface
ATA/IDE is similar to SCSI in that it is a logic-level interface rather than
a device-level interface like ST-506 or ESDI. ST-506 and ESDI controllers
must control all of the drive operations including moving the heads from
track to track and selecting which head to read from. ATA/IDE drives
perform these functions at the drive rather than at the controller.
The ATA/IDE interface supports one or two drives on a 40-conductor daisy
chain cable. The current ATA/IDE specification recommends a maximum cable
length of 18 inches. Most manufacturers specify a maximum of 24 inches. I
have used 36 inch cables with no trouble, but I do not recommend it. Long
cables can pick up stray signals from the motherboard or other sources.
In a two drive system, the primary drive is called the master, and the
secondary is called the slave. Jumpers on the drives select which is master
and which is slave. Some early IDE drives do not follow the current master-
slave interface conventions. These older drives will usually not work as
the slave on a two-drive system but in many cases will work as master.
ATA/IDE Translation
Most AT BIOSes are fairly limited in the drive-type selections that they
have available. A few of the newer BIOSes have entries for RLL and ESDI
drives, but I have not seen any that directly support many of the ATA/IDE
drives. Some BIOSes provide a User Defined Drive type that will provide
support for the unusual ATA/IDE drive parameters.
One of the goals of ATA/IDE was to operate with existing AT BIOSes. Since
few systems directly support the drives, the drives must make themselves
look different than they really are.
Many ATA/IDE drives have more than 1024 physical cylinders. DOS and early
versions of NetWare do not recognize any cylinders above the lower 1024.
Most ATA/IDE drives offer a translation mode to overcome this problem.
Usually the drive will logically double the number of heads and halve the
number of cylinders.
Many of the newer ATA/IDE drives also employ Zone Bit Recording to
increase the drive capacity. This recording method puts more sectors per
track on the outer areas of the drive and decreases the number of sectors
per track in two or more zones near the center of the drive. This type of
configuration is impossible to specify with a standard AT BIOS, but since
ATA/IDE drives are intelligent, they can fool the system by appearing as a
standard AT drive.
ATA/IDE drives vary in how they handle the logical-to-physical translation.
Many only support fixed translation; these drives may be used only on the
specified configuration. Most of the higher-end ATA/IDE drives offer
variable translation and can use any entry in the BIOS table that does not
exceed the total number of physical sectors on the drive.
ATA/IDE Bad-Sector Remapping
Many ATA/IDE drives have automatic bad-sector remapping. These drives
have spare sectors that are reserved for future use. When the drive
detects an error on a particular sector, the data is recovered and written
to one of the spare sectors. The bad sector is then flagged as bad, and the
new sector is placed in the drive's look-up table.
The Future of ATA/IDE
One of the optional ATA/IDE interface signal sets support Direct Memory
Access (DMA) transfers. Currently most ATA/IDE drives only support the
old-style programmed I/O data transfer. Back in the 808x days PI/O
transfer was substantially faster than DMA. But with todays higher-speed
processors and data buses, DMA can improve performance significantly. PI/O
transfers require a lot of overhead from the system. The processor must
first read the data from RAM then write it to the drive for each word
transferred. DMA transfers occur one block (usually 64K) at a time using
the DMA controller instead of the system processor. The ISA DMA will allow
up to 333KB/s transfer, but EISA will allow significantly improved DMA
capabilities. Type A EISA DMA will allow up to 2MB/s transfer; type B EISA
DMA allows 4MB/s; and type C EISA Bus Master DMA will allow as much as
33MB/s transfer!
ATA/IDE Drives and NetWare
The IDE286.ZIP file from DL 3 (NetWare 2.X Specific) in the NOVLIB forum on
CompuServe contains a NetWare v2.2 disk driver which makes it possible to
use ATA/IDE type disk drives with file servers using the ATA/IDE interface.
The IDE386.ZIP file from DL 4 (NetWare 3.X Specific) in NOVLIB contains a
NetWare v3.11 disk driver. The new IDE disk drivers are very similar to the
old Netware ISA disk drivers. The major difference is that the IDE driver
does not get the drive description from a table. It gets drive descriptions
directly from the disk drives at initialization time.
Do not format ATA/IDE drives with any programs that will do a low-level
format. On most ATA/IDE drives a low-level format will not harm anything,
but some drives are less protective than others. You can destroy some
ATA/IDE drives by formatting them. Low-end Seagate drives are
particularly susceptible.
For those of you who use mirroring under SFT, you will see a problem with
IDE drives. If a mirrored pair crashes, the first thing the OS does (after
retrying) is reset the controller. This initiates the diagnostics if the
master drive is still running (if not, the OS will time-out and crash, since
the slave can't do anything without the master); if the master is OK, it will
timeout looking for the slave and the OS will crash.
Duplexing requires an ATA/IDE controller that allows the use of an
alternate IRQ and I/O address. NCL and UltraStor produce controllers that
provide a variety of settings.
Some controllers may give a stack overflow error when run on fast 80386
computers. The only cure that I have found is to use a different controller.
DO NOT run Non-Dedicated on an IBM Model 35 or 40 machine.
1) Install the drive(s) and controller into your computer.
2) If you are running two ATA/IDE drives, you will need to refer to
the drive manual to set one drive to master and one to slave.
3) If you plan to boot from the hard drive, run your setup program
and set the drive type(s) to 1. Do not use a User Defined drive
type with the NetWare IDE driver. User Defined drive types
produce unpredictable results with IDE drives that do not
provide full translation.
4) If you plan to boot from a floppy drive, run your setup program
and set the drive type(s) to 0 or none.
5) Turn the power to your computer off then back on.
6) Do not use DOS 5.00 at any time during the setup of a NetWare
2.x server. DOS 5.00 is known to have several incompatibilities
with the NetWare server utilities. DOS 5.00 works on 2.1x or
higher workstations, but not on the server.
NetWare 2.0a and ELS NetWare 2.1x
Older versions of NetWare do not directly support ATA/IDE drives. Unless
your system BIOS drive table has an exact match for a particular drive, you
will need to use Disk Manager - N to patch the NetWare operating system.
Disk Manager - N v3.12 or higher is available from OnTrack Computer
Systems, 6321 Bury Drive, Eden Prairie, MN 55346. OnTrack can be reached at
800/752-1333 or 612/937-1107, fax 612/937-5815. Be sure to get the
NetWare version of Disk Manager; the DOS version will NOT work.
NetWare 286 2.15c Advanced and SFT
Do NOT format the hard drives with COMPSURF, since this can wipe out the
embedded bad-track info.
1) From DL 3 (NetWare 2.X Specific) on NOVLIB get the files
LOADER.ZIP and IDE286.ZIP.
2) Unzip these files and copy the included drivers (LOADER.DAT,
INSTOVL.OBJ, IDE.DSK, and IDE.OBJ) onto the appropriate working
copies of the NetGen diskettes.
3) Run NETGEN and select the IDE Disk driver. Continue the
generation as normal.
4) When presented with the NetWare Installation option on the
NetGen menu (on the machine to be set up as the file server,
after the NetWare Operating System file and Utilities Files are
generated, linked, and configured) select the DEFAULT
INSTALLATION option.
5) Create and Save the PARTITION TABLE. This will create a
Non-DOS compatible partition which will not be limited to the
original AT BIOS/DOS Compatible Partition limitation of 1024
cylinders. Exit back to the NETGEN Menu.
6) Select NetWare Installation and choose the CUSTOM
INSTALLATION option. From here you can modify the VOLUME
information as much as you desire, but do NOT choose the
PARTITION TABLE option or you will flag the partition as DOS
Compatible and you may have cylinder wrap problems. Cylinder
Wrap is a condition where the disk driver or controller can't
access the total capacity of the drive and performs a MODULA
on requested cylinders or blocks above it's limitation. This
effectively restarts the disk request at 0 compared to the high
count and causes data to WRAP upon itself on the disk. For
example, if the driver limits the capacity of the drive to 1024
cylinders and a write request comes in for cylinder 1227 then
the driver will subtract 1024 from 1227 (the MODULA function)
and re-submit the request to cylinder 203. If there was already
data there... POOF. Once you've been hit with it the only fix is to
reinitialize the drive and eliminate the limiting factor.
** DO NOT EVEN LOOK AT THE PARTITION INFORMATION! **
7) Save the volume information you need, then select the option to
load the OS and System and Public files.
8) Continue the Installation procedure and load all the disk files.
NetWare 2.2
Do NOT format the hard drives with COMPSURF, since this can wipe out the
embedded bad-track info.
1) From DL 3 (NetWare 2.X Specific) on NOVLIB get the file
IDE286.ZIP.
2) Unzip this file and copy the included drivers (IDE.DSK and
IDE.OBJ) onto the appropriate working copies of the Install
diskettes.
3) Run INSTALL in the Advanced mode.
4) Select the IDE Disk driver.
5) Continue the generation as normal.
6) You may ignore the "Warning! Bad Block Table not accessed"
message that may appear at system bootup. This is just a
poorly worded informational message. The Bad Block Table is
read when the network operating system is loaded.
7) If you wish not to see the warning message you can boot from
floppy disk instead of the hard drive.
The driver will support up to four ATA/IDE disk drives in a file server.
This is possible by using addressable adapters. These adapters allow the
user to configure the base I/O address and IRQ. Primary I/O address is at
1F0h and IRQ 14, second address at 170h. IRQs 11, 12, or 15 may be used with
the second I/O address.
ATA/IDE Drives and NetWare v3.x
Because of an interaction between some ATA/IDE drive translation schemes
and the IDE.DSK driver, I do not recommend that NetWare 3.x servers boot
from a DOS partition on the ATA/IDE drive. I recommend that you set your
drive type(s) to 0 or none and boot from floppy. The IDE driver will
automatically get the correct parameters from the drive. Please note that
the IDE driver will return a cylinder value that is two less than the actual
cylinder count.
NetWare 3.11
Do NOT format the hard drives with INSTALL.NLM, since this can wipe out the
embedded bad-track info.
1) Install the drive(s) and controller into your computer.
2) If you are running two ATA/IDE drives on one adapter, you will
need to refer to the drive manual to set one to master and one
to slave.
3) If you plan to boot from the hard drive, run your setup program
and set the drive type(s) to 1.
4) If you plan to boot from a floppy drive, run your setup program
and set the drive type(s) to 0 or none.
5) From DL 4 (NetWare 3.X Specific) on NOVLIB get the file
IDE386.ZIP.
6) Create a boot diskette with DOS, AUTOEXEC.BAT, SERVER.EXE,
IDE.DSK, and INSTALL.NLM on it.
7) After you have started SERVER.EXE type "LOAD IDE.DSK INT=E
PORT=1F0". If you are duplexing you will need to load the second,
third, or fourth IDE driver with appropriate PORT and INT
values.
8) Continue the installation as normal.
The driver will support up to eight ATA/IDE disk drives in a file server.
This is possible by using addressable adapters. These adapters allow the
user to configure the base I/O address and IRQ. The primary I/O address is
at 1F0h and IRQ 14; the second address is at 170h, the third at 1E8h, and the
fourth at 168h. IRQs 10, 11, 12, and 15 may be used with the second, third, and
fourth I/O addresses.
ATA/IDE Questions
Q. What settings will IDE.DSK and IDE.OBJ use?
A. When using the NetWare 2.x IDE driver, the primary I/O address is at
1F0h and IRQ 14, the second address is at 170h. IRQs 11, 12, or 15 may be
used with the second I/O address.
When using the NetWare 3.x IDE driver, the primary I/O address is at
1F0h and IRQ 14; the second address is at 170h, the third at 1E8h, and
the fourth at 168h. IRQs 10, 11, 12, and 15 may be used with the second,
third, and fourth I/O addresses.
Q. How does a DOS partition effect the IDE drivers?
A. If your drive provides full translation a DOS partition will not cause
any more problems than it will with MFM or ESDI drives. But, if your
drive does not provide full translation then the drive will become
confused when the system changes from DOS to NetWare. In some cases
the system will merely hang, in others you will see various data
integrity problems.
Q. What adapters allow alternate settings?
A. I have tested the NCL America models 536, 537, and 525 ATA/IDE
adapters. They all allow alternate addressing of both the IRQ and I/O
ports. The model 525 has two separate ATA/IDE channels on one board.
This allows true duplexing on a single card. NCL America can be
contacted at 408/734-1006. The address is 574 Weddell Drive Ste 4,
Sunnyvale, CA 94089.
The UltraStor US15FM is reported to allow alternate IRQ and I/O port
addressing. I have been unable to obtain one of these boards for
testing at this time.
Q. Why is Mirroring not a good idea with ATA/IDE drives?
A. For those of you who use mirroring under SFT, you will see a problem
with IDE drives. If a mirrored pair crashes, the first thing the
operating systems does (after retrying) is reset the controller. This
initiates the diagnostics if the master drive is still running (if not,
the OS will time-out and crash, since the slave can't do anything
without the master); if the master is OK, it will timeout looking for
the slave and the OS will crash.
Q. Can ATA/IDE drives be used with other NetWare drivers?
A. If the BIOS drive table has an EXACT match for the drive that you are
installing then you can use the standard ATDISK/ISADISK NetWare
drivers. If your drive table does not match then you may experience
problems when Hot Fix begins to redirect new bad blocks.
Q. What problems does DOS 5.00 cause?
A. Absolutely do NOT use DOS 5.0 when running INSTALL, or as the DOS
that you boot with prior to running NET$OS! It will not work and/or it
will cause you major problems and grief. Stick with DOS 3.3 on the
server, or when using server utilities such as INSTALL, VREPAIR,
DISKED, COMPSURF, ZTEST. DOS 5.0 was not released when these
products were tested, and so NO testing was done with 5.0. Post-
release testing has shown MAJOR incompatibilities!
Q. What is the difference between logical and physical geometry?
A. Many ATA/IDE drives have more than 1024 physical cylinders. DOS and
early versions of NetWare do not recognize any cylinders above the
lower 1024. Most ATA/IDE drives offer a translation mode to overcome
this problem. Usually the drive will logically double the number of
heads and halve the number of cylinders.
Q. Why don't some drives handle translation mode well?
A. Some of the less expensive drives only offer one or two translation
choices. You must match these choices to your BIOS table. Most of the
more intelligent drives will translate any drive type that does not
exceed the true number of blocks.
Q. Why shouldn't Non-Dedicated mode be used with ATA/IDE drives?
A. The NetWare 2.x IDE driver has some conflicts with the IBM PS/2 model
35 and 40 floppy drive system. Any "clone" systems that closely
emulate those machines will have problems as well.
Q. Should VERIFY be set to ON?
A. Most of the newer ATA/IDE drives have Read-After-Write verification
built in to the hardware. On these drives you will not need to have
verify turned on. If you are using one of the less expensive low-end
drives you may want to turn verify on for a little extra protection.
Having verify turned on does cause a slight performance penalty in
some systems.
Q. How much RAM should I have in my server?
A. The recommended RAM/memory requirement for NetWare v2.2 should be
determined from the following formula:
(.005 x MB disk storage) + 2MB base + 1MB if nondedicated + a
minimum of 2MB if running VAPS.
Note that the file server will run with less RAM than recommended, but
you may not be able to cache all of your directories. Also, there may
be a decrease in performance, especially with VAPs. The absolute
minimum is 2.5MB; the recommended amount is based on the above
formula.
The minimum RAM needs for the NetWare 3.x are determined by the
following formula:
((.023 * MB disk storage) / disk block size in k) + 4M + NLM's
If a Name Space other than DOS is loaded then change the .023 to .032.
This will get the server running, at which point you want to check the
MONITOR NLM, Resource Utilization, % of RAM for CACHE BUFFERS should
be above 65 percent for optimum performance.
Round up to the next full megabyte for both formulas.
Q. Under what conditions should I use Disk Manager - N with IDE drives?
A. Disk Manager - N is needed if you are running an ELS version of
NetWare or you are running a version of NetWare earlier than version
2.15 rev. c. Disk Manager - N is also an alternative if you must run
NetWare in Non-Dedicated mode.
Many thanks to the kind people at Seagate in Dallas, Conner in Dallas,
Compaq in Houston, and NCL in Sunnyvale for their assistance with this
project. Also, thanks to the SysOps of NetWire.